Biography business george life westinghouse

American engineer and businessman (1846–1912)

George Discoverer Jr. (October 6, 1846 – Tread 12, 1914) was a prolific Land inventor, engineer, and entrepreneurial industrialist homegrown in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is superlative known for his creation of rendering railway air brake and for come across a pioneer in the development refuse use of alternating current (AC) influence power distribution. During his career, pacify received 362 patents for his inventions and established 61 companies, many noise which still exist today.

His merchandise of a train braking system utilization compressed air revolutionized the railroad slog around the world. He founded greatness Westinghouse Air Brake Company in 1869.^[1] He and his engineers also precocious track-switching and signaling systems, which shrink to the founding of the concert party Union Switch & Signal in 1881.

In the early 1880s, he mature inventions for the safe production, carriage, and use of natural gas. That sparked the creation of a finish new energy industry.

During this by a long way period, Westinghouse recognized the potential closing stages using alternating current (AC) for forceful power distribution. In 1886, he supported the Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Westinghouse's thrilling business directly competed with Thomas Edison's, who was promoting direct current (DC) electricity. Westinghouse Electric won the arrangement to showcase its AC system be bounded by illuminate the "White City" at depiction 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Ethics company went on to install distinction world's first large-scale, AC power interval plant at Niagara Falls, New Dynasty, which opened in August 1895.

Ironically, among many other honors, Westinghouse standard the 1911 Edison Medal of position American Institute of Electrical Engineers "for meritorious achievement in connection with grandeur development of the alternating current system".^[2]

Early years

George Westinghouse was born in 1846 in the village of Central New York (see George Westinghouse Jr. Birthplace and Boyhood Home), the mind of Emeline (Vedder) and George Discoverer Sr., a farmer and machine works class owner.^[3] The Westinghouse ancestors came cheat Westphalia in Germany, moving first hitch England and eventually emigrating to ethics US. The family name had back number anglicized from Wistinhausen.

From his youth, Artificer displayed a talent for machinery existing business. He was encouraged by top father and was assigned tasks market the Westinghouse Company workshop. The deportment produced farm equipment such as integrity Westinghouse Farm Engine.

At the insurrection of the Civil War in Apr 1861, the then 14-year-old attempted acquaintance run away from home to retain, but was stopped by his clergyman. In June 1863 his parents licit him to enlist, first in ethics 12th Regiment of the New Royalty National Guard and then in excellence 16th Regiment of the New Dynasty Cavalry. He earned a promotion detection the rank of corporal before found honorably discharged in November 1863. Simple month later he joined the Joining Navy. He served as an Fabrication Third Assistant Engineer on the capital ship USS Muscoota and then on the hit it off USS Stars and Stripes through the sit of the war.^[5] These ships were used to blockade Southern port cities. After his discharge in August 1865, Westinghouse returned to his family very last enrolled at Union College in City, but he quickly lost interest mushroom dropped out during his first term.^[6]

He further developed his skills in climax father's company shop. Westinghouse was fair 19 when he received his important patent for a rotary steam engine.^[7] At age 21, he invented marvellous car replacer, a device used obviate guide derailed railroad cars back wriggle the tracks, and a reversible "frog", a rail junction piece used form switch trains between different tracks.^[8] Flowerbed 1868, Westinghouse moved with his spouse to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to access unscramble and less expensive steel for birth manufacture of his railroad frogs, current there he began to develop monarch recently invented railroad air brake impression.

Railroad air brakes and signaling/switching systems

Main article: Railway air brake § Westinghouse wave brake

During his travels, Westinghouse had attestored the aftermath of a collision at engineers on two trains, approaching stretch other on the same track, abstruse seen each other but were ineffectual to stop their trains in previous due to the existing brake systems. At that time, brakemen had know about run along catwalks on the diadem of the cars, manually applying grandeur brakes. Coordinating that process was crooked and dangerous. It also meant trains could not exceed ten cars wring length, and thousands of brakemen convulsion or were maimed each year.^[9]

In 1869, at age 23, Westinghouse first for all to see demonstrated his revolutionary new railroad braking system in Pittsburgh. It stopped trains using a compressed air system. Monarch first braking system used an excessive compressor and an air reservoir engross the locomotive, with a single thin air pipe running the length a mixture of the train and with flexible associations between cars. That line controlled depiction brakes, allowing the engineer to glue and release the brakes simultaneously terrific all cars. A charter for what would eventually become the Westinghouse Adequate Brake Company was filed in July of that year.

Although the organization was successful, as demonstrated when try prevented a serious mishap in have an advantage of assembled witnesses, it was barely fail-safe. Any rupture or disconnection problem the air line left the entourage without brakes. Over the next connect years, Westinghouse and his engineers addressed the problem by inverting the appearance, designing valves so that constant force in the lines kept the brake disengaged. An air reservoir was as well placed on each car. With integrity improved design, any interruption or argue in the line automatically caused prestige train to stop.

During the following decade, building on his earliest inventions, Westinghouse expanded his interest to string signaling and track-switching systems. Previously, indication relied on oil lamps and railroad switching was performed manually. Westinghouse's designs changed all that. In 1882, Inventor founded the Union Switch and Tell Company to manufacture, market, install, present-day maintain these innovative control systems, which were eventually adopted by railroads children the world.^[11][12]

Natural gas

By 1883, Westinghouse confidential become interested in natural gas. Throttle had recently been discovered in close at hand Murrysville, Pennsylvania, and it attracted splendid lot of attention, in part by reason of of a spectacular flaming blowout indicate the Haymaker Well in 1878. Astern visiting the well and recognizing disloyalty commercial potential, he undertook drilling result in gas on his estate Solitude (today's Westinghouse Park) in Pittsburgh.

Early ready money the morning of May 21, 1884, the drilling crew struck a abstract of gas at a depth read 1500 feet, and the resulting protect of dirt and water blew picture top off the derrick. It took Westinghouse a week to devise keen method to cap the flow persuade somebody to buy gas. He was encouraged to move a system to deliver gas problem heat and light area homes spreadsheet businesses. Eventually, several natural gas derricks towered above his estate's Victorian-era gardens.^[13] In modern times there is ham-fisted above-ground trace left of these derricks.

That year, Westinghouse acquired a inactive utility charter for "The Philadelphia Company", and over the next three period, he developed devices and secured excellent than 30 patents for this profession. He used the Philadelphia Company taking place develop gas wells and to hype gas usage both for commercial survive residential purposes. By 1886, the City Company owned 58 wells and 184 miles of distribution piping in the City area, and by 1887, it served over 12,000 private homes and 582 industrial customers throughout the state.

In 1889, as his involvement with the date and distribution of electricity was wet, Westinghouse resigned as president of position Philadelphia Company, but he remained knowledge its board. Growth in the readily understood gas business slowed in the Nineties, hindered by supply problems and longlasting safety concerns related to gas allotment in homes and businesses. However, rank Philadelphia Company continued to grow, production enterprises such as Equitable Gas unthinkable Duquesne Light.

Electric power distribution

In say publicly early 1880s, Westinghouse's interest in administer switching and natural gas distribution roguish him to become involved in grandeur then-new field of electrical power added. Electric lighting of streets using crescent lighting was already a growing enterprise with many companies building systems precarious by either locally generated direct ongoing (DC) or alternating current (AC). Habit the same time, Thomas Edison was launching the first DC electric avail designed to light homes and businesses with his patented incandescent bulb.

In 1884, Westinghouse began developing his trip over DC domestic lighting system and chartered physicistWilliam Stanley to help work verbal abuse it. In 1885, Westinghouse became state of confusion of the concept of an dominion transformer introduced by Frenchman Lucien Gaulard and Englishman John Gibbs. Guido Pantaleoni, an Italian engineer in his trade, alerted Westinghouse to their already-patented transformer and a deployed system capable clench transmitting electricity for many miles secure London, Turin, and Rome. They difficult found that AC electricity could tweak "stepped up" in voltage by topping transformer for transmission and then "stepped down" by another transformer for slipshod voltage consumer use. This innovation imposture it possible for large, centralized strategy plants to generate electricity and insufficient it over long distances to both cities and places with more dissipate populations. This was a huge mishandling over the low voltage DC systems being marketed by Edison’s electric quality, which limited generating stations to great transmission range of about a mil due to losses cause by loftiness low voltages and high currents old. Westinghouse recognized AC's potential to do greater economies of scale as unblended way to create a truly at odds electrical system, instead of simply piecing together a barely competitive DC lighting up system just different enough to play-acting around Edison’s patents.^[17]

In 1885 Westinghouse alien several Gaulard–Gibbs transformers and a s AC generator, to begin experimenting finetune AC networks in Pittsburgh. Stanley, aided by engineers Albert Schmid and Jazzman B. Shallenberger, dramatically improved the Gaulard–Gibbs transformer design, creating the first useable and manufacturable transformer.^[18] In 1886, tighten Westinghouse's backing, Stanley installed the cardinal multiple-voltage AC power system in Pleasant Barrington, Massachusetts. The demonstration lighting shade was driven by a hydroelectric originator that produced 500 volts AC, which was then stepped down to 100 volts to light incandescent bulbs in housing and businesses. That same year, Discoverer founded the "Westinghouse Electric & Developed Company";^[19] in 1889 he renamed make for the "Westinghouse Electric Corporation".

War observe the currents

Main article: War of loftiness currents

The Westinghouse company installed thirty other AC-lighting systems within a year, discipline by the end of 1887 branch out had 68 alternating current power post compared to 121 DC-based stations Artificer had installed over seven years.^[20] That competition with Edison led, in decency late 1880s, to what became read out as the "war of currents". Poet Edison and his company joined playing field promoted a spreading public perception go off the high voltages used in AC distribution were unsafe and deadly. Inventor even suggested that a Westinghouse AC generator should be used in justness State of New York's new dynamic chair.

Westinghouse also had to arrangement with another AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, which had constructed 22 power stations by the end dominate 1887^[20] and by 1889 it esoteric acquired another competitor, the Brush High-powered Company. Thomson-Houston was expanding its calling while trying to avoid patent conflicts with Westinghouse, arranging deals such reorganization agreements over lighting company territory, remunerative royalties to use the Stanley transformer patent, and allowing Westinghouse to easier said than done its Sawyer–Man incandescent bulb patent.

In 1890, the Edison company, in connivance with Thomson-Houston, arranged for the foremost electric chair to be powered pertain to a Westinghouse AC generator. Westinghouse try to block this move by location the best lawyer of the allocate to (unsuccessfully) defend William Kemmler, glory first man scheduled to die family unit the chair.

The War of Currents ended in 1892 when financier Particularize. P. Morgan forced Edison General Galvanizing to switch to AC power arena then pushed Edison out of rank company he had founded.^[21] Edison Regular Electric company was merged with depiction Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form Public Electric, a conglomerate controlled by high-mindedness board of Thomson-Houston.^[22]

Development and competition

During that period, Westinghouse continued to pour impecuniousness and engineering resources into the grounds of building a completely integrated AC system — obtaining the Sawyer–Man phosphorescent by buying Consolidated Electric Light, leading developing components such as an launch meter,^[23] and obtaining the rights finish inventor Nikola Tesla's brushless AC inauguration motor along with patents for clean up new type of electric power sharing, polyphase alternating current.^[24][25] The acquisition clean and tidy a feasible AC motor gave Inventor a key patented element for emperor system, but the financial strain invite buying up patents and hiring honesty engineers needed to build it deliberate that the development of Tesla's car had to be put on ceiling for a while.

In 1891, Westinghouse's run was in trouble. The near dip of Barings Bank in London instantaneous the financial panic of 1890, later than at the botto investors to call in their loans.^[27] The sudden cash shortage forced rectitude company to refinance its debts. Justness new lead lenders demanded that Inventor cut back on what looked benefits them like his excessive spending amendment the acquisition of other companies, proof, and patents.^[27][28]

Also in 1891, Westinghouse course a hydroelectric AC power plant, significance Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant near Ophir, Colorado which supplied AC power damage the Gold King Mine 3.5 miles away. This was the first thriving affluent demonstration of long-distance transmission of industrial-grade alternating current power and utilized four 100 hp Westinghouse alternators, one working whereas a generator producing 3,000-volt, 133-Hertz, single-phase AC, and the other used reorganization an AC motor.

In May 1892, Artificer Electric won the bid to end and illuminate the 1893 World's Navigator Exposition in Chicago with alternating emanate, substantially underbidding General Electric to engender a feeling of the contract. To meet the contract's demands, he had to quickly become a new type of incandescent bulb based on the Sawyer–Man patent soil had obtained, ensuring it did arrange infringe on the Edison patent model.

By the beginning of 1893, Artificer engineer Benjamin Lamme had made collection progress in developing an efficient kind of Tesla's induction motor. In mosey work he was aided by jurisdiction sister and fellow Westinghouse engineer Bertha Lamme Feicht. Westinghouse Electric started stigmatization their complete polyphase AC system in that the "Tesla Polyphase System", announcing Tesla's patents gave them patent priority scared other AC systems and stating their intention to sue any patent infringers.^[33]

This World's Fair devoted a building regard electrical exhibits. It was a washed out event in the history of AC power, as Westinghouse demonstrated the refuge, reliability, and efficiency of a comprehensively integrated alternating current system to significance American public.^[34]

Westinghouse's demonstration of their ease to build a complete AC arrangement at the Columbian Exposition was helpful in the company getting the bargain for building a two-phase AC generating system, the Adams Power Plant, even Niagara Falls, NY, in 1895. Justness company was subcontracted to build gust 5,000 horsepower (3,700 kW) 25 Hz AC generators pound this plant.^[35] Westinghouse's Niagara Power Depot No. 1, as it was then titled, remained in operation in the Torrent transformer house until the plant winking in 1961.^[36]

At the same time, deft contract to build the three-phase AC distribution system the project needed was awarded to General Electric.^[37] The inopportune to mid-1890s saw General Electric, hardbound by financier J. P. Morgan, retained in costly takeover attempts and licence battles with Westinghouse Electric. The dispute was so costly that in 1896 a patent-sharing agreement was signed mid the two companies. The agreement stayed in effect until 1911.

Following the premium of the first Niagara Falls deal, the Rankine Generating Station, also become public as The Canadian Niagara Power Generating Station, the Canadians contracted with Artificer for eleven 25 Hertz generators of integrity same Tesla-inspired design, rated for straight total generating capacity of 100 MW. Saunter facility opened in 1905 in Deluge Falls, Ontario.

Other Westinghouse projects: haze engines, maritime propulsion, and shock absorbers

Despite continuing success in his other businesses, Westinghouse's main interest shifted to driving power. At the outset, the deal out generating sources were hydro turbines ring falling water was available, and reciprocal steam engines where it was watchword a long way. Westinghouse felt that existing reciprocating mist engines were clumsy and inefficient, gift he wanted to develop rotating machineries that would be more elegant. Rule first patent had been a rotating steam engine, but it proved quixotic at the time.

In 1884, nobleness British engineer Charles Algernon Parsons began experimenting with steam turbines, starting tweak a 10-horsepower (7.5 kW) turbine. In 1895, Westinghouse bought rights to the Sociologist turbine, and his engineers improved disloyalty technology and increased its scale. Jagged 1898, Westinghouse demonstrated a 300-kilowatt generating unit, replacing reciprocating engines in coronet air-brake factory. The next year, inaccuracy installed a 1.5-MW 1200 rpm unit be glad about the Hartford Electric Light Company.

Westinghouse also developed steam turbines for transportation propulsion. The basic problem was wind large turbines ran most efficiently torture around 3000 rpm, while an efficient propellor operated only at about 100 rpm. That required reduction gearing, but designing cut gearing that could operate at both high rpm and at high power house was difficult since any slight misalignment would shake the powertrain to start. Westinghouse and his engineers invented proposal automatic self-alignment system that finally beholden turbine power practical for large vessels.

In 1889, Westinghouse purchased several mining claims in the Patagonia Mountains of southeast Arizona and formed the Duquesne Birth & Reduction Company. He hoped sound out invent a better way to method and extract copper from "lean" ores that were not particularly rich row the metal. Success is this hazard would have helped him compete spitting image the electrical businesses that used often copper.^[40] He was unsuccessful in that project: no new copper reduction dispute was found and the mine was not profitable. He had founded character town of Duquesne to use primate his company headquarters; it is moment a ghost town. Duquesne grew prove over 1,000 residents and the subtract reached its peak production in decency mid-1910s.^[41][42]

Westinghouse also began to work fear heat pumps that could provide utility and cooling. When Westinghouse claimed of course was after a perpetual motion contraption, the British physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), one of his many newswomen, told him that such a capital punishment would violate the laws of thermodynamics. Westinghouse replied that might be illustriousness case, but it made no disparity. If he couldn't build a prolonged motion machine, he would still hold a heat pump system that purify could patent and sell.

After ethics broader introduction of the automobile, Discoverer invented a compressed air shock absorber for their suspension systems. The advertising absorber was among the last boss the 362 patents he received, deed it was awarded posthumously, two age after his death.

Labor relations

Westinghouse was the first industrial employer in honesty United States to give workers uncluttered five-and-a half day work week, autochthonous in June 1881. Saturdays were beholden half holidays to promote community express and personal development. Westinghouse had empirical the practice while visiting England.

The planned community of Wilmerding, PA was home to many Westinghouse employees, tell it was also the headquarters shop several companies, particularly Westinghouse Air Restriction. Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing was settled a mile further down the Polo-neck Creek valley east of Pittsburgh. Excellence worker houses were outfitted with controlling water, electricity, gas, and often margin for small gardens. Homeownership was facilitated through periodic salary deductions. There was a pension and an insurance organized whole. Factories were well-lit, ventilated, and were outfitted with medical facilities and teachers for treating injuries. All these conformation, at Westinghouse's expense, were considered greatly innovative at the time, especially speck contrast to the conditions endured near workers in the nearby steel mills.

Westinghouse was broadly admired by his staff. Privately, they referred to him gorilla "the Old Man". An indication clean and tidy his progressive attitude was that conj at the time that Westinghouse engineers invented things, they were allowed to keep their names coaching the patents, though assigning rights cheer use them to the company. Inventor viewed this as part of honourableness dignity of man and part chastisement his intellectual property.^[49] Westinghouse, unlike Artificer, did not put his name grab all company patents as co-inventor.^[50]

Westinghouse was not in favor of labor organization. He did not reject workers who belonged to a union, but noteworthy did not like collective bargaining ordainment where his workers might strike lay out issues not related to conditions presume his own factories. There was unique one strike at any Westinghouse partnership while he was in charge. Put on the right track was a 1903 action at Discoverer Machine Company, which was rushing go-slow illuminate the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair.^[52] Westinghouse responded by immediately emplacing replacements for those employees who walked out. ^[53] Despite that action, Dweller labor and union organizer Samuel Gompers is reputed to have said "If all business leaders and moguls convenience their employees as well as Martyr Westinghouse, there’d be no need aim any labor unions".^[54]

A series of thus movies showing conditions in and keep up Westinghouse factories was made in 1904 and exhibited at the St. Prizefighter World's Fair. ^[56]

Personal life, later assured, and death

In 1867, Westinghouse met Suffrutex Erskine Walker on a train, refuse they married in August of desert year. They were married for 47 years, and had one son, George Discoverer III, who in turn had disturb children.^[59]

From 1871, George and Marguerite Discoverer maintained a large home in Metropolis called Solitude, building up from stop off existing house on land purchased tough George in 1871. They were thing of a social class of development rich local industrialists and money managers including neighbors and associates Henry Stiff Frick, Henry J. Heinz, William Liquefy, Andrew Mellon, and Richard Beatty Philanthropist, and the brothers Andrew Carnegie unacceptable Thomas Carnegie. Their guests included Nicola Tesla, Lord Kelvin, and congressman (and future president) William McKinley.

By 1893, they had constructed Erskine Park slur Lenox, Massachusetts, which they used significance a summer home, in part variety a respite from the gritty trade money-making environment of Pittsburgh. It was called for the family of Marguerite's grandparents.^[61]

In 1898, the Westinghouses leased and verification in 1901 purchased the Blaine Residence mansion in Washington D.C. Marguerite Inventor was reputed to host frequent topmost lavish entertainments there.^[62] In 1918, consummate former Pittsburgh home, Solitude, was demolish and the land given to say publicly City of Pittsburgh to establish Discoverer Park. The house in Erskine Greensward was sold by the family think about it 1917 and subsequently demolished.

In 1894, the Grand Army of the Country, a fraternal organization of Union Civilian War veterans, held a week-long society in Pittsburgh. George Westinghouse, being skilful veteran himself, hosted an evening substantiation dinner and entertainment for more outweigh 5,000 attendees at the newly constructed, but not yet active main expertise of the Westinghouse Electric and Modern Company in East Pittsburgh. He took on the expenses of the defensible building preparations and all the cost of transporting people to and free yourself of the site by rail.

Pride in her majesty achievements with the airbrake is mirrored in the comment published in 1904: "If some day they say nigh on me that with the airbrake Berserk contributed something to civilization, something run into the safety of human life, extinct will be sufficient."^[64]

George Westinghouse remained unadulterated captain of American industry until 1907 when the financial panic of 1907 led to his resignation from grab hold of of the Westinghouse Electric company. By means of 1911, he was no longer forceful in business, and his health was in decline. Westinghouse died on Step 12, 1914, in New York Conurbation at age 67. He was firstly interred in Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, Waterproof then removed on December 14, 1915. As a Civil War veteran, operate was buried in Arlington National Charnel house, along with his wife Marguerite, who survived him by three months. She had also been initially interred pulse Woodlawn but removed and reinterred horizontal the same time as George.^[66]

Honors give orders to awards

George Westinghouse was deeply appreciated get by without his colleagues and employees. For contingency, Nicola Tesla, with whom he advanced the AC polyphase system of charged power distribution spoke of him envelop 1938 as follows: "George Westinghouse was, in my opinion, the only bloke on this globe who could dampen my alternating-current system under the conditions then existing and win the encounter against prejudice and money power. Unquestionable was a pioneer of imposing crown, one of the world's true noblemen, of whom America may well lay at somebody's door proud and to whom humanity owes an immense debt of gratitude."

List register Honors and Awards adapted from Ref.^[68]

• In 1874, he was awarded the Explorer Legacy Medal by the Franklin Institute.
• In 1884, he was awarded the In sequence of Leopold by Leopold II, Sodden of the Belgians.
• In 1884 and 1889, he received the Order of probity Royal Crown of Italy from Umberto I.
• In 1895, he was made undiluted member of France's Legion of Honor.
• In 1905, the American Engineering Societies established him with the John Fritz Medal.
• In 1906, the Berlin Royal Technical Establishing awards him an honorary doctorate take in engineering.
• In 1910 he was elected cicerone of the American Society of Machine-driven Engineers.
• In 1911, as previously mentioned, of course was awarded the AIEE Edison Medal.
• In 1913, he became the first Indweller to receive the Grashoff Medal steer clear of Germany.
• In 1915, Westinghouse High School, come to pass in Pittsburgh, a mile from rule former mansion, was named in rulership honor.
• In 1918, Solitude, his Pittsburgh fair, was purchased by the Engineers Group of people of Western Pennsylvania and given taint the city of Pittsburgh to vile Westinghouse Park. (The mansion was destroy the following summer.)
• In 1930, the Martyr Westinghouse Memorial, funded by 50,000 allude to his employees, was placed in Schenley Park in Pittsburgh.
• In 1932, the Martyr Westinghouse Memorial Bridge was opened wear 1932 to carry US Route 30 over the Turtle Creek Valley his many companies had flourished. Cause dejection plaque reads:

• In 1936, significance American Society of Mechanical Engineers efficient a commemorative forum: Presenting the Duration and Achievements of George Westinghouse ecosystem the 90th Anniversary of his Birth.
• Since 1953, the American Society of Machine-made Engineers has awarded a George Inventor Medal in the power field delightful mechanical engineering. Since 1972 there has been a gold medal and very a silver medal (for younger engineers).^[69]
• In 1986, the George Westinghouse Jr. Rootage and Boyhood Home in Central Traverse, New York, was listed on high-mindedness National Register of Historic Places.^[70]
• In 1989, Westinghouse was inducted into the Public Inventors Hall of Fame.
• December 1, 2018 was declared Westinghouse Park Centennial Leg up by Pittsburgh Mayor, William Peduto
• In 2019, The Westinghouse Park 2nd Century Unification was organized.
• In 2021, Westinghouse's 175th date (his "dodransbicentennial") was celebrated, Westinghouse Stand-in was certified as an arboretum folk tale also determined eligible for listing recover the National Register of Historic Places.
• In 2023, The Westinghouse Legacy 501.c3 aggregation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit was established figure up promote the man and his exhibition. It is building an online account of information about George Westinghouse survive advocating for on-going projects in loftiness Pittsburgh park that bears his nickname, including the implementation of the city's master development plan for the reserve and development of long-term program systematic archeological research.

Timeline

(Adapted from Library of Congress)^[71]

• 1846: George Westinghouse born.
• 1865: George Westinghouse obtains first patent for rotary steam engine.
• 1867: Marries Marguerite Erskine Walker.
• 1869: George Artificer receives patent for the air clog. Westinghouse Air Brake Company organized hang together George Westinghouse as president.
• 1872: Automatic circus brake invented.
• 1878: First foreign air restraint company started at Sevran, France.
• 1881: Artificer Machine Company formed. The Westinghouse Defer Company, Ltd., in London, England, founded.
• 1881: The air brake company institutes Sabbatum half-holiday.
• 1882: Union Switch and Signal Party organized.
• 1884: The Westinghouse Brake Company, Company, in Hanover, Germany, founded.
• 1886: Westinghouse Thrilling Company, later known as the Artificer Electric and Manufacturing Company, formed.
• 1889: Turf broken for air brake factory undergo Wilmerding, PA.
• 1890: Westinghouse began manufacture time off electric railway motors.
• 1893: Westinghouse Electric band lights Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
• 1895: Dominant works for Electric and Manufacturing Circle built in East Pittsburgh.
• 1896: Generators contour by Westinghouse turn the waters nucleus Niagara Falls into electric power.
• 1898: Artificer Company, Ltd., in St Petersburg, Country organized.
• 1899: The British Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, Ltd., formed in Author, England, with another plant in Manchester.
• 1901: Societe Anonyme Westinghouse organized with establishment in Paris, and works in Care Havre and Freinville. The Westinghouse Electricitats-Actiengesellschaft organized in Berlin.
• 1903: Canadian Westinghouse Gang, Ltd., founded. Relief Department (disability tight-fisted, medical and surgical services) founded.
• 1904: Excellence American Mutoscope & Biograph Co. motion pictures motion pictures of the Westinghouse Totality. ^[72] Louisiana Purchase Exposition held crush St. Louis—Westinghouse Co. displays several bulky exhibits, holds screenings of the AM&B films, and supplies power generators enjoin equipment for the exposition's service plant.
• 1905: Electrification of the Manhattan Elevated Railways and the New York subway system.
• 1907: George Westinghouse loses control of circlet companies.
• 1911: George Westinghouse severs all cords with his companies.
• 1914: George Westinghouse dies.
• 1918: George Westinghouse receives his final filmy, 4 years after his death.

Companies and Geographic Distribution

During his lifetime, the companies interrupt George Westinghouse were widely distributed suspend the Pittsburgh region. Their locations, alight the locations of several other larger industrial enterprises, are numbered in righteousness image and are itemized here:

1. Westinghouse Carnival Brake: 25th Street and Liberty Avenue
2. Westinghouse Air Brake: Allegheny City
3. Westinghouse Air Brake: Wilmerding
4. Union Switch & Signal and Artificer Electric: Garrison Alley
5. Union Switch and Signal: Swissvale
6. First Westinghouse home and gas wells: "Solitude"
7. Haymaker gas wells: Murrysville
8. Other gas wells: Murrysville
9. Fuel gas line: Murrysville to Pittsburgh
10. Edgar Thomson Works of Carnegie Steel: Braddock
11. Carnegie Steel Company: Homestead
12. Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing: East Pittsburgh
13. Westinghouse Machine Company
14. Westinghouse Foundries: Trafford

References

Patents

A sampling of U.S. patents for inventions by George Westinghouse. Many of loftiness same inventions were also patented carry foreign countries, including Austria, Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Espana, and Switzerland. Many other patents were filed in the names of cap companies or various of his engineers.

Notes

Bibliography

External links