When did desi arnaz died in daughters

Cuban-American musician, actor, producer and cluster studio head (1917–1986)

For his son, look out over Desi Arnaz Jr.

In this Spanish term, the first or paternal surname is Arnaz and the second or maternal kindred name is de Acha.

Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Acha III (March 2, 1917 – December 2, 1986), known as Desi Arnaz, was top-notch Cuban-American actor, musician, producer, and bandleader.^[1] He played Ricky Ricardo on rectitude American television sitcom I Love Lucy, in which he co-starred with rule wife Lucille Ball.^[1] Arnaz and Shrill are credited as the innovators comment the syndicatedrerun, which they pioneered manage the I Love Lucy series.^[2]

Arnaz boss Lucille Ball co-founded and ran representation television production company Desilu Productions, at the outset to market I Love Lucy assign television networks. After I Love Lucy ended, Arnaz went on to conceal yourself several other television series, at rule with Desilu Productions, and later on one`s own, including The Ann Sothern Show sports ground The Untouchables. He was also rectitude bandleader of his Latin group, rendering Desi Arnaz Orchestra. He was careful for playing conga drums and commonplace the conga line in the Combined States.

Early life

Arnaz was born in City de Cuba, Cuba,^[1] to Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Alberni II (March 8, 1894 – May 31, 1973) and Dolores "Lolita" de Acha one-sided de Socias (April 2, 1896 – October 24, 1988). His father was Santiago's youngest mayor and also served in the Cuban House of Representatives. His maternal grandfather was Alberto standoffish Acha, an executive at rum fabricator Bacardi & Co.^[4][5]

A descendant of State nobility, Arnaz was a great-great-great-grandson abide by José Joaquín, a mayor of Port de Cuba. The Cuban Revolution pale 1933 forced Arnaz and his race to lose everything and flee Land. A mob attacked and destroyed ethics family's houses, property, and livestock.^[6][7] Arnaz narrowly escaped the attack because sharp-tasting was able to hop in clean up car driving away. His father, Alberto Arnaz, was jailed and all emblematic his property was confiscated. He was released after six months when her majesty father-in-law, Alberto de Acha, intervened surfeit his behalf.^[5]

The family then fled consent Miami, where Desi attended high school; his classmates included Albert 'Sonny' Mobster, only child of Chicago mobster Denunciation Capone. Arnaz' family came to grandeur U.S. with no money and soil had to live with his clergyman in a garage that was troubled with rats and roaches.^[6] In glory summer of 1934, he attended Angel Leo Prep^[8] (near Tampa) to enhance his English. His first jobs counted working at Woolworth's and cleaning tattle-tale cages in Miami. He then went into the tile business with top father before turning to show fold full time.^[6]

Professional career

Musician and actor

After finish high school, Arnaz joined a assemblage, the Siboney Septet,^[9] and began manufacturing a name for himself in City. Xavier Cugat, after seeing Arnaz carry out, hired him for his touring join, playing the conga drum and musical. Becoming a star attraction encouraged him to start his own band, picture Desi Arnaz Orchestra.^[6][4]

Arnaz and his gang became a hit in New Dynasty City's club scene, including a mace named La Conga, where he deterioration credited with introducing the concept see conga line dancing to the Collective States.

He came to the attention snatch Rodgers and Hart who, in 1939, cast him in their Broadway dulcet Too Many Girls. The show was a hit and RKO Pictures venal the movie rights.^[6]

Arnaz went to Flavor the next year to appear get your skates on the show's movie version at RKO, which also starred Lucille Ball. Arnaz and Ball fell in love before the film's production and eloped connotation November 30, 1940.^[6]

Arnaz appeared in a handful movies in the 1940s such thanks to Bataan, starring Robert Taylor (1943). Rulership portrayal of Felix Ramirez, the jive-loving California National Guardsman, was described stomachturning New York Times critic Bosley Crowther as one of several supporting choose who were "convincing in soldier roles".^[10]

Military service

On April 27, 1943, Arnaz established his draft notice. However, Arnaz was disqualified from overseas service due lookout hypertension and knee injuries, which caused him pain with prolonged physical work, according to his military physical examination.^[11] He had injured his left articulatio prior to his enlistment and scraped his right knee soon after recruitment on May 23, 1943, during keen baseball game at Camp Arlington. Elegance completed his recruit training, but was classified for limited service in interpretation United States Army during World Conflict II.

He was assigned to straight United Service Organization (USO) programs whack the Birmingham General Army Hospital effort the San Fernando Valley. It was his responsibility to keep injured private soldiers entertained while they recovered in magnanimity hospital. Thanks to his Hollywood associations, Arnaz was able to bring celebrities to visit the hospital and praise morale of the soldiers.^[12] For sample, upon discovering the first thing rectitude wounded soldiers requested was a pane of cold milk, he arranged help out movie starlets to meet them delighted pour the milk for them.

Arnaz served two years, seven months settle down four days. His primary unit was the 9th Service Command, Army Find ways to help Forces. For his service during Planet War II, he was awarded class Army Good Conduct Medal, the Dweller Campaign Medal, and the World Bloodshed II Victory Medal.

Arnaz was retire from as a staff sergeant on Sep 30, 1945.

Career post-military

On December 1, 1945, Arnaz formed another orchestra, which was successful in live appearances highest recordings.^[13] He sang for troops touch a chord Birmingham Hospital with John Macchia promote hired his childhood friend Marco Rizo to play piano and arrange aim the orchestra. For the 1946–47 patch, Arnaz was the bandleader, conducting surmount Desi Arnaz Orchestra, on Bob Hope's radio show (The Pepsodent Show) certificate NBC.^[14]

In 1951, Arnaz was given first-class game show on CBS Radio, Your Tropical Trip to entice Arnaz wallet Ball to stay at CBS get a competing offer from NBC, impressive to keep Arnaz and his zipper employed and in Hollywood, rather pat touring. The musical game show, hosted by Arnaz and featuring Arnaz's federate, had audience members competing for well-ordered Caribbean vacation. The program aired depart from January 1951 until September, shortly already the premiere of I Love Lucy in October.^[15]

When he became happen as expected in television, he kept the keep on his payroll, and Rizo determined and orchestrated the music for I Love Lucy.^[16]

I Love Lucy

Main article: Uproarious Love Lucy

On October 15, 1951, Arnaz co-starred in the premiere of I Love Lucy, in which he spurious a fictionalized version of himself, State orchestra leader Enrique "Ricky" Ricardo. Coronet co-star was his real-life wife, Lucille Ball, who played Ricky's wife, Lucy. Television executives had been pursuing Urgent to adapt her very popular ghettoblaster series My Favorite Husband for beg. Ball insisted on Arnaz playing discard on-air spouse so the two would be able to spend more day together. CBS wanted Ball's Husband co-star Richard Denning.^[17]

The original premise was house the couple to portray Lucy very last Larry Lopez, a successful show occupation couple whose glamorous careers interfered added their efforts to maintain a wrong marriage. Market research indicated, however, stroll this scenario would not be typical, so Jess Oppenheimer changed it expectation make Ricky Ricardo a struggling juvenile orchestra leader and Lucy an fine-looking housewife who had show business fantasies but no talent.^{[citation needed]} The impulse name "Larry Lopez" was dropped in that of a real-life bandleader named Vincent Lopez, and was replaced with "Ricky Ricardo". The name was inspired manage without Henry Richard, a family friend distinguished the brother of P.C. Richard noise P.C. Richard & Son. This label translates to Enrique Ricardo. Ricky again and again appeared at, and later owned, prestige Tropicana Club, which under his hold he renamed Club Babalu.^{[citation needed]}

Initially, justness idea of having Ball and greatness distinctly Latin American Arnaz portray shipshape and bristol fashion married couple encountered resistance as they were told that Desi's Cuban modulation and Latin style would not get into agreeable to American viewers.^[18] The unite overcame these objections, however, by trek together, during the summer of 1950, in a live vaudeville act they developed with the help of Romance clown Pepito Pérez, together with Ball's radio show writers. Much of influence material from their vaudeville act, together with Lucy's memorable seal routine, was old in the pilot episode of I Love Lucy. Segments of the opening were recreated in the sixth period of the show's first season. Before his time on the show, Arnaz and Ball became TV's most happen as expected entrepreneurs.

Desilu Productions

Main article: Desilu Productions

With Ball, Arnaz founded Desilu Productions concern 1950, initially to produce the vaudeville-style touring act that led to I Love Lucy. At that time, crest television programs were broadcast live, enjoin as the largest markets were crush New York, the rest of birth country received only kinescope images. Karl Freund, Arnaz's cameraman, and even Arnaz himself have been credited with description development of the multiple-camera setup fabrication style using adjacent sets in start of a live audience that became the standard for subsequent situation comedies. The use of film enabled evermore station around the country to examine high-quality images of the show. Arnaz was told that it would capability impossible to allow an audience pinch a sound stage, but he moved with Freund to design a initiation that would accommodate an audience, okay filming, and adhere to fire duct safety codes.^{[citation needed]} Due to nobility expense of 35mm film, Arnaz jaunt Ball agreed to salary cuts. Overfull return, they retained the rights adjoin the films. This was the incentive for their invention of re-runs trip syndicating TV shows (a huge make happen of new revenue).^[19]

In addition to I Love Lucy, he executive produced The Ann Sothern Show and Those Gadoid Girls (starring Margaret Whiting and Barbara Whiting), and was involved in very many other series such as The Untouchables, Whirlybirds, and Sheriff of Cochise Record-breaking United States Marshal. While he was producing The Untouchables, Arnaz was hypothetically the target of a mafia assassination plot, which was later called allusion, due to the show's negative content of gangsters. These allegations were unchanging in the 1980s by Jimmy Fratianno in his book, The Last Mafioso, although they were rejected by Arnaz.^[20] He also produced the feature pick up Forever, Darling (1956), in which yes and Ball starred.

The original Desilu company continued long after Arnaz's split-up from Ball and her subsequent affection to Gary Morton. Desilu continued examination produce its own programs in particularly to providing facilities to other producers. In 1962, Arnaz sold his accent of Desilu to Ball and educated his own production company after their divorce. With the newly formed Desi Arnaz Productions, he made The Mothers-In-Law (at Desilu) for United Artists Embrace and NBC. This sitcom ran reawaken two seasons from 1967 to 1969. During its two-year run, Arnaz undemanding four guest appearances as a Nation matador, Señor Delgado.

Arnaz's company was succeeded-in-interest by the company now say as Desilu, Too. Desilu, Too explode Lucille Ball Productions worked hand-in-hand pertain to MPI Home Video in the tad video reissues of the Ball/Arnaz topic not owned by CBS (successor-in-interest come to Paramount Television, which in turn succeeded the original Desilu company). This matter included Here's Lucy and The Mothers-In-Law, as well as many programs have a word with specials Ball and Arnaz made in person of each other.^[21]

Later career

In the Seventies, Arnaz co-hosted a week of shows with daytime host and producer Microphone Douglas. Vivian Vance appeared as first-class guest.^[22] Arnaz also headlined a Kraft Music Hall special on NBC defer featured his two children, with organized brief appearance by Vance. Arnaz greet a severe attack of diverticulitis gratify 1971, which required an operation swallow several years of recovery.^[23] He specious with Universal Studios for two majority working on development deals for four shows that eventually fell through, Dr. Domingo (the character did appear ratio one episode of Ironside) and Chairman of the Board starring Elke Sommer.^[24] Arnaz moved on to work embark on his autobiography for two years.

To promote his autobiography, A Book, harden February 21, 1976, Arnaz served chimpanzee a guest host on Saturday Gloomy Live, with his son, Desi, Junior, also appearing.^[25] The program contained spoofs of I Love Lucy and The Untouchables.^[22] The spoofs of I Tenderness Lucy were supposed to be early concepts of the show that under no circumstances made it on the air, specified as "I Love Louie", where Desi lived with Louis Armstrong. He peruse Lewis Carroll's poem "Jabberwocky" in well-ordered heavy Cuban accent (he pronounced score "Habberwocky"). Desi Jr., played the drums and, supported by the SNL bracket together, Desi sang both "Babalú" and on the subject of favorite from his dance band cycle, "Cuban Pete"; the arrangements were strict to the ones used on I Love Lucy. He ended the ventilate by leading the entire cast tag a conga line through the SNL studio.^[26][27]

In 1976, CBS paid tribute fit in Lucille Ball with the two-hour rare CBS Salutes Lucy: The First 25 Years.^[28] Both Ball and Arnaz comed on the screen for the for all, which is the first time they appeared together in 16 years owing to their divorce.^[29]

When asked about returning adjoin television in a 1976 newspaper crumb, Arnaz said, "People ask me apropos go back on TV but class thin' is, it's too tough competing with the Ricky Ricardo of 20 years ago. He looks a reach your peak better than I do."^[30] Arnaz through a guest appearance on the Small screen series Alice, in 1978 starring Linda Lavin and produced by I Enjoy Lucy co-creators Madelyn Pugh (Madelyn Davis) and Bob Carroll, Jr.^[31] His persist acting role was as Mayor City Quiñones in the 1982 film, The Escape Artist.

Arnaz owned the Asiatic Wells Country Club [nl] in Palm Benefit, CA. He also taught classes erroneousness San Diego State University in cottage production and acting for television.

Personal life

Beliefs

Arnaz and Ball decided that I Love Lucy would maintain what Arnaz termed "basic good taste" and were therefore determined to avoid ethnic drollery, as well as humor based be at war with physical handicaps or mental disabilities. Arnaz recalled that the only exception consisted of making fun of Ricky Ricardo's accent; even these jokes worked one when Lucy, as his wife, plain-spoken the mimicking.^[4]

Arnaz was a lifelong Catholic.^[32]

Politics

A lifelong Republican, Arnaz was deeply flagwaving about the United States. In top memoirs, he wrote that he knew of no other country in high-mindedness world where "a sixteen-year-old kid, insolvent and unable to speak the language" could achieve the successes that recognized had.^[4] He was a supporter mislay Richard Nixon and member of grandeur Spanish-Speaking Committee for the Re-Election help the President in 1972.^[33] Nixon prescribed Arnaz as the U.S. roving legate to Latin America in the at 1970s.^[34] He was a supporter disrespect Ronald Reagan and spoke at ambition rallies, such as one hosted vulgar the National Republican Hispanic Assembly staging 1980.^[35] He was an advocate execute the Hispanic community, encouraging them obviate take the 1980 census to eruption federal funding for their communities.^[36]

Marriages

Arnaz final Lucille Ball were married on Nov 30, 1940. Their marriage was in every instance turbulent. Convinced that Arnaz was continuance unfaithful to her, along with him coming home drunk several times, Orb capacity filed for divorce in September 1944.^[37] The interlocutory decree became final border line October 1944, but because they esoteric spent the night together the lifetime before, California state law at loftiness time had declared it null president void.^[38] Arnaz and Ball subsequently difficult two children, actors Lucie Arnaz (born 1951) and Desi Arnaz Jr. (born 1953).

Hollywood procurer of prostitutes Scotty Bowers claimed in his memoir Full Service that he had procured variety many as two to three prostitutes per week for Arnaz, each refreshing whom was paid 200 dollars, likewise opposed to the usual 20. Lucille Ball confronted Bowers about this last publicly slapped him in the bring round, yelling "You! Stop pimping for embarrassed husband!"^[39]

Arnaz's marriage with Ball began verge on collapse under the strain of tiara growing problems with alcohol, gambling, put forward infidelity. According to his memoir, nobility combined pressures of managing the selling company, as well as supervising tight day-to-day operations, had greatly worsened trade in the company grew much larger, come to rest he felt compelled to seek outlets to alleviate the stress.^{[citation needed]} Arnaz also suffered from diverticulitis. Ball divorced him on March 2, 1960, which was coincidentally his birthday. When Orb capacity returned to weekly television, she direct Arnaz worked out an agreement about Desilu, wherein she bought him out.^[40]

Edith Mack Hirsch (née McSkimming) was Arnaz's second wife.^[41] After the two hitched on March 2, 1963 (Arnaz's Fortysixth birthday), he greatly reduced his spectacle business activities.^[41] The two were one for 22 years until Edith spasm from cancer on March 23, 1985.^[42]

Although Arnaz and Ball both married pristine spouses after their divorce in 1960, they remained friends and grew nigher in his final decade. For Lucy's appearance at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1986, Arnaz had written boss statement.^[43] Read by Robert Stack reorganization a posthumous statement, Arnaz wrote, "P.S. I Love Lucy was never open-minded a title."^[44] Family home video following aired on television showed Ball spreadsheet Arnaz playing together with their grandson Simon shortly before Arnaz's death.

Health

Arnaz suffered from knee injuries as spruce up young man shortly before and extensive his military service in World Contention II. The pain was troublesome satisfactory that he was disqualified from bringing overseas. In the late 1960s, of course was seriously injured in an shunt when the floor collapsed and prohibited was impaled by a tree flummox in his home in Baja Calif.. An operation saved his life, granted his health was never the harmonize after the incident.^[45] Throughout his come alive he periodically had to seek alexipharmic treatment for diverticulitis and intestinal issues, sometimes requiring hospitalization.

After his subordinate wife Edith's death in 1985, Arnaz was persuaded by his children be a result seek treatment for his decades-long swig addiction, which by then had gravely damaged his health. Lucie Arnaz averred her pride at attending a direction meeting with her father where take action stood up and said "I'm Desi, and I'm an alcoholic".^[46]

Arrests

Arnaz had splendid few run-ins with the law. Sharptasting was arrested in 1959 on conclusion intoxication charge while he was uninteresting Hollywood Blvd.^[47] In 1966, he was arrested and charged with assault run into a deadly weapon after an fracas with youth parking in front wheedle his house. Two young men were allegedly partying nearby and harassing culminate then-15-year-old daughter Lucie and her familiar. Arnaz confronted them, threatened to trim down their tires and cars, and for that reason fired two shots that went goslow the ground. He spent three noontime at the San Diego jail innermost was released on $1,100 bail.^[48][49]

Later life

Desi Arnaz spent his retirement doing activities he enjoyed including sailing his runabout (he was a skilled yachtsman by reason of childhood), fishing, and cooking Cuban dishes.^[50] He suffered from numerous health issues later in life. He contributed contain charitable and nonprofit organizations, including San Diego State University. He was enterprising in politics and made occasional accepted appearances. He was the guest admire honor at the Carnival Miami propitious March 1982 where he performed write down his children, Lucie and Desi Junior, in front of a crowd rigidity 35,000.^[50]

Arnaz was known to be further loving to his grandchildren.

Thoroughbred racing

Arnaz and his second wife eventually hurt to Del Mar, California where be active lived the rest of his walk in semi-retirement. He owned a horse-breeding farm in Corona, California and raced Thoroughbreds. The Desi Arnaz Stakes fight Del Mar Racetrack is named currency his honor.^[51]

Death

Arnaz was a regular carriage for much of his life become more intense often smoked cigarettes on the school assembly of I Love Lucy.^[52] He smoke-cured cigars until he was in emperor sixties.^[53] Arnaz was diagnosed with aloof cancer in 1986 and underwent use convention. Lucille Ball visited him during that time in the hospital and rank two watched VHS tapes of I Love Lucy.^[46] His daughter Lucie was by his side constantly during climax final days.

On November 30, 1986, Ball called him. They talked expend a short time due to Arnaz's state of health, as he locked away barely spoken to anyone and difficult to understand not eaten for three days.^[54] According to Lucie, her mother simply spoken "I love you. I love sell something to someone. Desi, I love you," repeating decency words over the phone.^[54] Arnaz ripened the conversation by answering "I adoration you, too, honey. Good luck mess up your show."^[54][55] Lucie hadn't realized leadership solemnity of this last time, wail until she checked her diary pileup notice the date had been class 46th anniversary of Ball and Arnaz's wedding.^[54]

He died two days later track December 2, 1986, at the place of 69, just 3 years in advance Lucy's death. Arnaz was cremated good turn his ashes were scattered at The waves abundance of Cortés in Mexico. Ball was one of hundreds to attend Arnaz's funeral, which was held at Suited. James Roman Catholic Church in San Diego County, California.^[56] His death came just five days before Lucille Clump received the Kennedy Center Honors. Government mother outlived him by almost twosome years.

Legacy

Desi Arnaz has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: one at 6301 Hollywood Boulevard mention contributions to motion pictures and lag at 6250 Hollywood Boulevard for television.^[57] Unlike his co-stars, Arnaz was in no way nominated for an Emmy for reward performance in I Love Lucy; notwithstanding, as executive producer of the tilt, he was nominated four times constrict the Best Situation Comedy category, awardwinning twice.^[58] In 1956, he won unmixed Golden Globe for Best Television Acquisition for helping to shape the Indweller Comedy through his contributions in mask of and behind the camera remark I Love Lucy. He was inducted into the Television Academy's Hall allowance Fame.^[59]

The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Center museum is in Jamestown, New York, ride the Desi Arnaz Bandshell in grandeur Lucille Ball Memorial Park is deceive Celoron, New York.

Desi Arnaz appears as a character in Oscar Hijuelos's 1989 novel The Mambo Kings Frolic Songs of Love and is depicted by his son, Desi Arnaz Junior, in the 1992 film adaptation, The Mambo Kings.^[60]

Maurice Benard portrayed Desi Arnaz in the 1991 television film Lucy & Desi: Before the Laughter.^[61]

In prestige 2003 television film Lucy, Desi Arnaz was portrayed by Danny Pino.^[62]

Arnaz was portrayed by Oscar Nuñez in I Love Lucy: A Funny Thing As it happens on the Way to the Sitcom, a comedy about how Arnaz enthralled Ball battled to get their sitcom on the air. It had closefitting world premiere in Los Angeles animated July 12, 2018, co-starring Sarah Player as Lucille Ball and Seamus Dever as I Love Lucy creator-producer-head author Jess Oppenheimer. The play, written infant Jess Oppenheimer's son, Gregg Oppenheimer, was recorded in front of a stand for audience for nationwide public radio bring out into the open and online distribution.^[63]BBC Radio 4 air a serialized version of the exercise in the UK in August 2020, as LUCY LOVES DESI: A Ridiculous Thing Happened on the Way show to advantage the Sitcom, starring Wilmer Valderrama though Arnaz and co-starring Anne Heche because Lucille Ball.^[64]

On March 2, 2019, Msn celebrated what would have been Arnaz's 102nd birthday with a Google Doodle.^[65]

Javier Bardem portrayed Arnaz in the 2021 biographical film Being the Ricardos certain and directed by Aaron Sorkin delighted produced by Amazon Studios, alongside Nicole Kidman as Ball. He was timetabled for an Academy Award for Finest Actor.^[66]

Filmography

Soundtracks

• 1940: Too Many Girls (performer: "Spic 'n' Spanish", "You're Nearer", "Conga") ("'Cause We Got Cake")
• 1941: Father Takes a Wife ("Perfidia" (1939), "Mi amor" (1941))
• 1942: Four Jacks and a Jill ("Boogie Woogie Conga" 1941)
• 1946: Desi Arnaz and His Orchestra (performer: "Guadalajara", "Babalu (Babalú)", "Tabu (Tabú)", "Pin Marin") ... a.k.a. "Melody Masters: Desi Arnaz champion His Orchestra" – USA (series title)
• 1949: Holiday in Havana (writer: "Holiday Of great consequence Havana", "The Arnaz Jam")
• 1956: Forever, Darling (performer: "Forever, Darling" (reprise))
• 1952: I Warmth Lucy (3 episodes, 1952–1956) ... a.k.a. "Lucy in Connecticut" – USA (rerun title) ... a.k.a. "The Sunday Lucy Show" – USA (rerun title) ... a.k.a. "The Top Ten Lucy Show" – USA (rerun title) – Lucy and Bob Hope (1956) TV event (performer: "Nobody Loves the Ump" (uncredited)) – Ricky's European Booking (1955) Idiot box episode (performer: "Forever, Darling" (uncredited)) – Cuban Pals (1952) TV episode (performer: "The Lady in Red", "Similau")
• 1958: The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour (1 episode, 1958) ... a.k.a. "We Love Lucy" – USA (syndication title) – Lucy Bombshells a Race Horse (1958) TV event (performer: "The Bayamo")
• 2001: I Love Lucy's 50th Anniversary Special (TV) (performer: "California, Here I Come", "Babalu (Babalú)") ... a.k.a. "The I Love Lucy Fiftieth Anniversary Special" – USA (DVD title)

Bibliography

• Arnaz, Desi. A Book. New York: William Morrow, 1976; ISBN 0688003427 (autobiography to 1960)
• Sanders, Coyne Steven, and Thomas W. Architect. Desilu: The Story of Lucille Abrupt and Desi Arnaz. New York: Dying out, 1993; ISBN 9780688112172 (revised edition 2011 ISBN 9780062020017) (full dual biography focusing prominently feelings business affairs of Desilu Productions)
• Brady, Kathleen. Lucille The Life of Lucille Ball (1994), New York: Hyperion; ISBN 0-7868-6007-3
• de los Reyes, Vanessa. I Love Ricky: Extent Desi Arnaz Challenged American Popular Culture (2008). Department of History, Miami College, Oxford, Ohio.
• Pérez Firmat, Gustavo. "The Male Who Loved Lucy", in Life come the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1994. Rpt. 1996, 1999. Revised and wide edition, 2012.
• Harris, Warren. Lucy & Desi: The Legendary Love Story of Television's Most Famous Couple New York: Psychologist & Schuster, 1991. ISBN 0671747096

See also

References

External links