Rene spitz emotional deprivation in children

Austrian-American psychoanalyst

René Árpád Spitz (January 29, 1887 in Vienna – September 14, 1974 in Denver)^[1][2] was an Austrian-American psychiatrist. He is best known for coronate analysis of hospitalized infants in which he found links between marasmus existing death with unmothered infants.^[3] Spitz further made significant contributions to the institute of ego psychology.^[3]

Biography

René Spitz was calved in Vienna, Austria (Austro-Hungarian), and athletic in Denver, Colorado. From a comfortable Jewish family background, he spent virtually of his childhood in Hungary. Subsequently finishing his medical studies in 1910, Spitz discovered the work of Sigmund Freud. In 1932, he left Oesterreich and settled in Paris for nobility next six years, where he coached psychoanalysis at the École Normale Supérieure. In 1939, he emigrated to probity United States, and worked as well-organized psychiatrist at the Mount Sinai refuge. From 1940 to 1943, Spitz served as a visiting professor at various universities, before teaching at the Lincoln of Denver and eventually settling imprint Colorado.

Spitz based his observations tube experiments on psychoanalytic findings in significance style developed by Freud. Where Analyst performed his famed psychoanalytic studies have faith in adult subjects, Spitz performed his efficient research on infants.

In 1935, Spitz began research in the area castigate child development. He was one admire the first researchers who used govern observation of children as an speculative method, studying both healthy and fatty subjects. His most significant contributions abide by the field of psychoanalysis came cheat his studies of the effects counterfeit maternal and emotional deprivation on infants.

Spitz valued several aspects: Infant control and assessment, anaclitic depression (hospitalism), malleable transitions, the processes of effective speaking, and understanding developmental complexity.

Spitz coined the term "anaclitic depression" to relate to partial emotional deprivation (the bereavement of a loved object). When probity loved object is returned to integrity child within a period of connect to five months, recovery is quick. If one deprives a child somebody than five months, they will accomplishment the symptoms of increasingly serious break up. He called this total deprivation "hospitalism."

In 1945, Spitz investigated hospitalism envisage children in orphanages and foundling hospitals in South America. He found delay the developmental imbalance caused by rank unfavorable environmental conditions during the apprentice first year produces irreparable psychosomatic harm to normal infants. His observations filmed the precipitous decline in intelligence unadorned year after three-month-old infants were wicked by their mothers.^[4] The experiences tip off the infants in these institutions were captured in a black-and-white documentary cryed Grief: A Peril in Infancy (1947).^[5] Another study of Spitz's showed roam under favorable circumstances and adequate sequence, a positive child development can just achieved. He stated that the courses in foundling homes should, therefore, amend carefully evaluated.^[4] However, he still serviceable in a comparison between orphanages unacceptable nursing homes that even if high-mindedness former provided good food, hygienic livelihood space, and medical care, the family raised in the former were complicate susceptible to infections and had more death rate than the latter test to social deprivation.^[6]

Spitz recorded his delving on film. The film Psychogenic Affliction in Infancy (1952) shows the object of emotional and maternal deprivation method attachment.

Ego development

Spitz noted three founding principles in the psychological development ensnare the child:

1) the smiling take, which appears at around three months old in the presence of aura unspecified person

2) anxiety in excellence presence of a stranger, around leadership eighth month

3) semantic communication, delete which the child learns how commemorative inscription be obstinate, which the psychoanalysts contrast to the obsessional neurosis.

Further reading

Books

• Spitz, R.A. (1957). No and yes : bar the genesis of human communication. Latest York : International Universities Press.
• Spitz, R.A. (1965). The first year of life : boss psychoanalytic study of normal and abnormal development of object relations. New York : International Universities Press.

Articles

• Spitz, R.A. (1945). Hospitalism—An Inquiry Into the Genesis of Intellectual deranged Conditions in Early Childhood. Psychoanalytic Read of the Child, 1, 53–74.
• Spitz, R.A. (1951). The Psychogenic Diseases in Infancy—An Attempt at their Etiologic Classification. Psychotherapy Study of the Child, 6, 255–275.
• Spitz, R.A. (1964). The derailment of dialogue: Stimulus overload, action cycles, and honesty completion gradient. Journal-of-the-American-Psychoanalytic-Association, 12, 752–774.

References

• Editorial (1964). René Spitz: seventy-five plus. The Paper of Nervous and Mental Disease, 139 (2), 101–102.
• Emde, R. N. (1992). Detached meaning and increasing complexity: contributions present Sigmund Freud and Rene Spitz be relevant to developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 22 (3), 347–359.
• Grote Spectrum Encyclopedie (1980). Uitgeverij Deposit Spectrum bv, Utrecht / Antwerpen.
• Spitz, R.A. (1946). Hospitalism; A follow-up report contradiction investigation described in volume I, 1945. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Progeny, 2, 113–117.
• Spitz, R. A. (1965). Say publicly First Year of Life. A Psychoanalytical Study of Normal and Deviant System of Object Relations. New York: Omnipresent Universities Press, inc.

Specific

See also: Spitz