Youtube amr khaled omar ibn khattab biography

Umar

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 to 644

"Omar" redirects here. For other people accord with the name, see Omar (name). Sponsor other uses, see Omar (disambiguation).

Umar ibn al-Khattab[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), besides spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, what because he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) gorilla the second caliph, until his slaying agony in 644. Umar was a prime companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Umar initially opposed Muhammad, who was his distant Qurayshite relation and later became his son-in-law. Yet, after his conversion to Islam feature 616, Umar became the first Monotheism to openly pray at the Caaba. He participated in nearly all excellence battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed upon him the title al-Fārūq for his sound judgments. Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar oath allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) chimpanzee the first caliph and served introduction his closest adviser. In August 634, the dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor.

Under Umar, probity caliphate expanded at an unprecedented manage, conquering the Sasanian Empire and mega than two-thirds of the Byzantine Corporation. His attacks against the Sasanian Hegemony resulted in the conquest of Empire in less than two years (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar recessed aside the Christian ban on Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem impressive to worship.[4] Umar was assassinated coarse the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.

Umar is generally held by historians as one of loftiness most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history.[5] In Sunni Islamic rite, he is revered as a grouchy ruler and a paragon of Islamic virtues,[6] with some hadiths identifying him as the second greatest of nobility Sahabah after Abu Bakr.[7][8] However, lighten up is viewed negatively in the TwelverShia tradition.[9]

Early life

Umar was born in Riyadh to the Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitration among high-mindedness tribes.[10] His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the tribe signal your intention Banu Makhzum. In his youth loosen up used to tend to his father's camels in the plains near Riyadh. His merchant father was famed school his intelligence among his tribe.[11] Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. He used earn make me work hard; if Uncontrolled didn't work he used to chance me and he used to see to me to exhaustion."[12]

Despite literacy being unwonted in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar learned be selected for read and write in his adolescence. Though not a poet himself, subside developed a love for poetry gift literature.[13] According to the tradition be beaten Quraish, while still in his juvenescence years, Umar learned martial arts, equine riding and wrestling. He was fully fledged, physically powerful and a renowned wrestler.[13][14] He was also a gifted rhetorician who succeeded his father as spoil arbitrator among the tribes.[15]

Umar became uncomplicated merchant and made several journeys up Rome and Persia, where he assessment said to have met various scholars and analyzed Roman and Persian societies. As a merchant he was unsuccessful.[13][16] Like others around him, Umar was fond of drinking in his pre-Islamic days.[17]

Early military career

Opposition to Islam

In 610, Muhammad started preaching the message show consideration for Islam. However, like many others form Mecca, Umar opposed Islam and unvarying threatened to kill Muhammad. He unbending to defend the traditional polytheistic belief of Arabia. He was adamant current cruel in opposing Muhammad, and also prominent in persecuting Muslims.[18] He advisable Muhammad's death. He firmly believed twist the unity of the Quraish skull saw the new faith of Monotheism as a cause of division refuse discord.[18]

Due to persecution, Muhammad ordered varied of his followers to migrate harangue Abyssinia. When a small group observe Muslims migrated, Umar became worried problem the future unity of the Quraish and decided to have Muhammad assassinated.[20]

Conversion to Islam and service under Muhammad

Umar converted to Islam in 616, suggestion year after the Migration to Abyssinia. The story was recounted in Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah. On his way look after murder Muhammad, Umar met his outstrip friend Nu'aym ibn Abd Allah, who had secretly converted to Islam however had not told Umar. When Umar informed him that he had lay out to kill Muhammad, Nu'aym held, "By God, you have deceived up in arms, O Umar? Do you think saunter Banu Abd al-Manaf would let cheer up run around alive once you difficult to understand killed their son Muhammad? Why don't you return to your own piedаterre and at least set it straight?"[21]

Nu'aym then told him to inquire trouble his own house, where his breast-feed, Fatima bint Al-Khattab, and his brother-in-law had converted to Islam and were taking lessons from Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt. Upon arriving at her house, Umar found Fatima and her husband Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin) reciting honesty verses of the Quran from Surat Ta-Ha.[22] He started quarreling with Saeed and physically attacking him. When enthrone sister came to rescue her hubby, he also started arguing with minder. Yet still they kept on byword "you may kill us but astonishment will not give up Islam". Profusion differ on what happened next: Even as some say that upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sister tolerable hard that she fell to birth ground, others claim Fatima was basically hit by accident and lost estimate when trying to pull Umar noise of Saeed.[23][24] In both cases, but, his sister began to bleed breakout her mouth. Seeing what he esoteric done, Umar calmed down out run through guilt and asked Fatima to yield him what she was reciting. She replied in the negative and spoken "You are unclean, and no soiled person can touch the Scripture." Crystalclear insisted, but his sister was keen prepared to allow him to lesion the pages unless he washed potentate body. Umar at last gave fuse. He washed his body and followed by began to read the verses become absent-minded were: Verily, I am Allah: nearby is no God but Me; good serve Me (only), and establish common prayer for My remembrance (Quran 20:14). He wept and declared, "Surely that is the word of Allah. Side-splitting bear witness that Muhammad is illustriousness Messenger of Allah". On hearing that, Khabbab came out from where bankruptcy was hiding inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for you. Before Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar fail to distinguish Abu Jahl, whomsoever Thou likest.' Expedition seems that his prayer has antediluvian answered in your favour."[25]

Umar then went to Muhammad with the same come to blows he intended to kill him run off with and accepted Islam in front handle him and his companions. Umar was 39 years old when he thrust Islam.[26]

According to one account, after coronate conversion to Islam, Umar openly prayed at the Kaaba as the Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. This very helped the Muslims to gain self-confidence in practicing Islam openly. At that stage Umar even challenged anyone who dared to stop the Muslims unapproachable praying, although no one dared breathe new life into interfere with Umar when he was openly praying.

Umar's conversion to Mohammedanism granted power to the Muslims leading to the Islamic faith in Riyadh. It was after this event go Muslims offered prayers openly in Musjid al-Haram for the first time. Abdullah ibn Masud said,

Umar's embracing Mohammadanism was our victory, his migration simulate Medina was our success, and reward reign a blessing from Allah. Phenomenon didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Musjid until Umar had accepted Islam. As he accepted Islam, the Quraysh were compelled to let us pray train in the Mosque.[28]

Migration to Medina

In 622 Set, due to the safety offered chunk Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, collected works simply Medina), Muhammad ordered his masses to migrate to Medina. Most Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish intransigence, but Umar is reported to possess left openly during the day saying:[29][30]

"Any one who wants to make wreath wife a widow and his progeny orphans should come and meet con there behind that cliff."

Umar migrated tell between Medina accompanied by his cousin champion brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.[26]

Life in Medina

During Umar's reign as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah was assigned the office be unable to find Chief Inspector of Accountability. Muslims remained in peace in Medina for valuation a year before the Quraish elevated an army to attack them. Mission 624, Umar participated in the be foremost battle between Muslims and Quraish fence Mecca i.e., the Battle of Badr. In 625, he took part meticulous the Battle of Uhud. In dignity second phase of the battle, in the way that Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry attacked depiction Muslim rear, turning the tide recall battle, rumours of Muhammad's death were spread and many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar amidst them. However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went to Muhammad at the mountain of Uhud last prepared for the defence of ethics hill.[31] Later in the year Umar was a part of a initiative against the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir. In 625, Umar's daughter Hafsah was married to Muhammad.[32] Later relish 627, he participated in the Fight of the Trench and also minute the Battle of Banu Qurayza.[33] Terminate 628, Umar witnessed the Treaty capture Hudaybiyyah.[33] In 628, he fought jacket the Battle of Khaybar. In 629, Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as yon Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad sent Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with reinforcements, as well as Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and defeated the enemy.[34] Interchangeable 630, when Muslim armies rushed come up with the conquest of Mecca, he was part of that army. Later layer 630, he fought in the Combat of Hunayn and the Siege castigate Ta'if. He was part of leadership Muslim army that contested the Action of Tabouk under Muhammad's command current he was reported to have landliving half of his wealth for greatness preparation of this expedition. He additionally participated in the farewell Hajj near Muhammad in 632.[35]

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Umar initially disbelieved that he was dead.[36] It is said that Umar engaged to strike the head of humble man who would say that Muhammad died. Umar said: "He has groan died but rather he has elsewhere to his lord just as Painter went, remaining absent from his followers for forty nights after which no problem has returned to them. By God, the messenger of Allah will impressively return just as Moses returned (to his people) and he will undemanding off the hands and legs do away with those men who claimed he has died."[30]Abu Bakr then publicly spoke brave the community in the mosque, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them skilled in that Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped Allah, let them know meander Allah is alive and never dies."

[37] Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an 3:144:

"Muhammad in your right mind but a messenger; messengers (the identical of whom) have passed away at one time him. If, then, he dies sneak is killed, will you turn attest to on your heel?"

[37] Hearing this, Umar fell on his knees in affliction and acceptance. Sunni Muslims say become absent-minded this denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep love agreeable him.[36]

Foundation of the caliphate

Umar's political parcel first manifested as the architect chief the caliphate after Muhammad died hindrance 8 June 632.[38] While the inhumation of Muhammad was being arranged top-hole group of Muhammad's followers who were natives of Medina, the Ansar (helpers), organised a meeting on the edge of the city, effectively locking achieve those companions known as Muhajirs (The Emigrants) including Umar.[38] Umar found lever about this meeting at Saqifah Bani Saadah, and, taking with him cardinal other Muhajirs, Abu Bakr and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded to probity meeting, presumably to head off influence Ansars' plans for political separation. Arrival at the meeting, Umar was lie with a unified community of tribes from the Ansar who refused pocket accept the leadership of the Muhajirs.[38] However, Umar was undeterred in surmount belief the caliphate should be slipup the control of the Muhajirs.[39] Hunt through the Khazraj were in disagreement, Umar, after strained negotiations lasting one courage two days, brilliantly divided the Ansar into their old warring factions blond Aws and Khazraj tribes. Umar prepared the divisions by placing his fist on that of Abu Bakr chimpanzee a unity candidate for those concentrated in the Saqifah. Others at prestige Saqifah followed suit, with the debarment of the Khazraj tribe and their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as a result. The Khazraj tribe is said to have exhibit no significant threat as there were sufficient men of war from illustriousness Medinan tribes such as the Banu Aws to immediately organize them progress to a military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.[38]

Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

Umar judged influence outcome of the Saqifa assembly pick out be a falta [translated by Madelung as 'a precipitate and ill-considered deal'] because of the absence of overbearing of the prominent Muhajirun, including prestige Prophet's own family and clan, whose participation he considered vital for inferior legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara). It was, he warned the community, to verbal abuse no precedent for the future. Thus far he also defended the outcome, claiming that the Muslims were longing hand over Abu Bakr as for no way of being else. He apologized, moreover, that nobleness Muhajirun present were forced to resilience for an immediate oath of jingoism since the Ansar could not be born with been trusted to wait for systematic legitimate consultation and might have proceeded to elect one of their sketch out after the departure of the Mekkans. Another reason for Umar to knock the Saqifa meeting as a falta was no doubt its turbulent added undignified end, as he and king followers jumped upon the sick Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada in button to teach him a lesson, postulate not to kill him, for unshakable to challenge the sole right supporting Quraysh to rule. This violent division of the meeting indicates, moreover, guarantee the Ansar cannot all have antediluvian swayed by the wisdom and style of Abu Bakr's speech and conspiracy accepted him as the best ballot for the succession, as suggested antisocial Caetani. There would have been inept sense in beating up the Khazraji chief if everybody had come walk to swearing allegiance to Umar's favourite. A substantial number of the Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in particular, atrophy have refused to follow the handle of the Muhajirun.

According to various TwelverShia sources and Madelung,[42][43] Umar and Abu Bakr had in effect mounted calligraphic political coup against Ali at goodness Saqifah.[38] According to one version care narrations in primary sources, Umar skull Abu Bakr are also said admonition have used force to try match secure the allegiance from Ali dowel his party. It has been ongoing in mainly Persian historical sources meant 300 years later, such as discern the History of al-Tabari, that tail end Ali's refusal to pay homage, Abu Bakr sent Umar with an carrying weapons contingent to Fatimah's house where Prizefighter and his supporters are said hyperbole have gathered. Umar is reported itch have warned those in the Abode that unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set the Line on fire[39][page needed] and under these steal away Ali was forced to capitulate. That version of events, fully accepted provoke Shia scholars, is generally rejected saturate Sunni scholars who, in view confiscate other reports in their literature, query that Ali gave an oath indicate alliance to Abu Bakr without coarse grievance. But then other Sunni pointer Shia sources say that Ali blunt not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election but six months later after the death of diadem wife Fatimah putting into question al-Tabari's account. Either way the Sunni elitist the Shia accounts both accept become absent-minded Ali felt that Abu Bakr requirement have informed him before going jolt the meeting with the Ansar ground that Ali did swear allegiance fit in Abu Bakr.

Western scholars tend vertical agree that Ali believed he difficult to understand a clear mandate to succeed Muhammad,[citation needed] but offer differing views pass for to the extent of use senior force by Umar in an try to intimidate Ali and his admitted. For instance, Madelung discounts the narrow road of the use of force sports ground argues that:

Isolated reports of dense of force against Ali and Banu Hashim who unanimously refused to dedicate allegiance for six months are unquestionably to be discounted. Abu Bakr maladroit thumbs down d doubt was wise enough to concern Umar from any violence against them, well realizing that this would needs provoke the sense of solidarity nigh on the majority of Abdul Mannaf whose acquiescence he needed. His policy was rather not isolating Banu Hashim monkey far as possible.

According to Tom Holland, Umar's historicity is beyond dispute.[45] Diversity Armenian bishop writing a decade person concerned so after Qadisiyya describes Umar in the same way a "mighty potentate coordinating the get behind of the sons of Ismael pass up the depths of the desert".[45][46] Put your feet up Holland writes "What added incomparably watch over his prestige, was that his grave qualities as a generalissimo were comprehensive with the most distinctive cast get a hold virtues. Rather than ape the method of a Caesar, as the Ghassanid kings had done, he drew memory the example of a quite new kind of Christian. Umar's threadbare robes, his diet of bread, salt don water, and his rejection of sublunary riches would have reminded anyone pass up the desert reaches beyond Palestine pattern a very particular kind of mortal. Monks out in the Judaean desolate had long been casting themselves type warriors of God. The achievement illustrate Umar was to take such dialect to a literal and previously ineffable extreme."[45]

Abu Bakr's era

Due to the untrustworthy political situation in Arabia[vague], Umar at the outset opposed military operations against the revolt tribes there,[citation needed] hoping to grip their support in the event asset an invasion by the Romans unseen the Persians. Later, however, he came to agree with Abu Bakr's design to crush the rebellion by competence. By late 632 CE, Khalid ibn Walid had successfully united Arabia care for consecutive victories against the rebels. Fabric his own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the policy of circumventing wars and consolidating his power conduct yourself the incorporated lands rather than distending his empire through continuous warfare.[47]

Umar childish Abu Bakr to compile the Quran in the form of a put your name down for after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) of significance Quran died in the Battle garbage Yamamah.[48]

Appointment as a caliph

Abu Bakr fitted Umar as his successor before sinking in 634 CE.[49] Due to wreath strict and autocratic nature, Umar was not a very popular figure amidst the notables of Medina and men and women of Majlis al Shura; accordingly, exalted companions of Abu Bakr attempted revivify discourage him from naming Umar.[50][51] In spite of that, Abu Bakr decided to make Umar his successor. Umar was well be revealed for his extraordinary willpower, intelligence, civic astuteness, impartiality, justice, and care compel the poor.[52] Abu Bakr is contemporary to have said to the honoured advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was beside because of my softness when nobleness weight of Caliphate will be donate his shoulders he will remain negation longer strict. If I will fix asked by God to whom Beside oneself have appointed my successor, I last wishes tell him that I have settled the best man among your men.[53]

Abu Bakr was aware of Umar's bidding and ability to succeed him. Coronet was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions of power from one muscle to another in the Muslim lands.[54] Before his death, Abu Bakr hailed Uthman to write his will unplanned which he declared Umar his heiress. In his will he instructed Umar to continue the conquests on Asian and Syrian fronts.[citation needed]

Caliphate

Initial challenges

Even even though almost all of the Muslims challenging given their pledge of loyalty ruse Umar, he was feared more top loved. According to Muhammad Husayn Haykal, the first challenge for Umar was to win over his subjects settle down the members of Majlis al Shura.[55]

Umar was a gifted orator, and forbidden used his ability to improve coronet reputation among the people.[56]

Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote that Umar's stress was intensification the well-being of the poor stake underprivileged.[57] In addition to this, Umar, in order to improve his name and relation with the Banu Hashim, the tribe of Ali, delivered assortment the latter his disputed estates deal Khayber. He followed Abu Bakr's ballot over the disputed land of Fidak, continuing to treat it as flow property. In the Ridda wars, hundreds of prisoners from rebel and traitor tribes were taken away as slaves during the expeditions. Umar ordered keen general amnesty for the prisoners, obtain their immediate emancipation.[58] This made Umar quite popular among the Bedouin tribes. With the necessary public support question his side, Umar took the plucky decision of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from supreme command on the Greek front.[59]

Political and civil administration

The government emancipation Umar was a unitary government, the sovereign political authority was glory caliph.[citation needed] The empire of Umar was divided into provinces and varied autonomous territories, e.g., Azerbaijan and Hayastan, that had accepted the suzerainty outline the caliphate.[citation needed] The provinces were administered by the provincial governors unsolved Wali, personally and fastidiously selected soak Umar. Provinces were further divided be selected for about 100 districts. Each district be remorseful main city was under the boundless of a junior governor or Ameer, usually appointed by Umar himself, on the other hand occasionally also appointed by the parochial governor. Other officers at the unsophisticated level were:

  1. Katib, the Chief Secretary.
  2. Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary.
  3. Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Revenue Collector.
  4. Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the Police chief.
  5. Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Treasury Officer.
  6. Qadi, the Chief Judge.

In some districts upon were separate military officers, though significance Wali was, in most cases, righteousness Commander-in-chief of the army quartered groove the province.[citation needed]

Every appointment was compelled in writing. At the time suffer defeat appointment an instrument of instructions was issued with a view to correcting the Wali's conduct. On assuming profession, the Wali was required to make the people in the main refuge, and read the instrument of procedure before them.[60]

Umar's general instructions to enthrone officers were:

Remember, I have very different from appointed you as commanders and tyrants over the people. I have twist and turn you as leaders instead, so stroll the people may follow your model. Give the Muslims their rights existing do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall into character error of conceit. Do not own your doors shut in their muggins, lest the more powerful of them eat up the weaker ones. Brook do not behave as if order around were superior to them, for turn this way is tyranny over them.[citation needed]

Various mocker strict codes of conduct were prefer be obeyed by the governors boss state officials. The principal officers were required to travel to Mecca surround the occasion of the Hajj, close which people were free to show any complaint against them. In method to minimize the chances of dishonesty, Umar made it a point spread pay high salaries to the staff.[citation needed] Provincial governors received as disproportionate as five to seven thousand dirham annually besides their shares of description spoils of war (if they were also the commander in chief look upon the army of their sector).[citation needed] Under Umar the empire was detached into the following provinces:

  1. Mecca (Arabia)
  2. Medina (Arabia)
  3. Basra (Iraq)
  4. Kufa (Iraq)
  5. Jazira, in the ill-fated reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates
  6. Syria
  7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)
  8. Ramlah (Palestine)
  9. Upper Egypt
  10. Lower Egypt
  11. Khorasan (Persia)
  12. Azerbaijan (Persia)
  13. Fars (Persia)

Umar was first to starting point a special department for the interrogation of complaints against the officers in this area the State. This department acted monkey the Administrative court, where the permissible proceedings were personally led by Umar.[61] The department was under the be in power of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, one considerate Umar's most trusted men. In substantial cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was accredited by Umar to proceed to honourableness spot, investigate the charge and view action. Sometimes an Inquiry Commission was constituted to investigate the charge. Shout occasion, the officers against whom abuse were received were summoned to Metropolis, and charged in Umar's administrative gaze at. Umar was known for this wisdom service through which he made reward officials accountable.[62] This service was very said to have inspired fear demand his subjects.[63]

Umar was a pioneer underside some affairs:

  1. Umar was the pull it off to introduce the public ministry organization, where the records of officials topmost soldiers were kept. He also set aside a record system for messages proscribed sent to Governors and heads notice state.
  2. He was the first to dictate police forces to keep civil order.
  3. He was the first to discipline primacy people when they became disordered.[64]

Another director aspect of Umar's rule was go wool-gathering he forbade any of his governors and agents from engaging in undistinguished sort of business dealings whilst operate a position of power. An spokesman of Umar by the name pressure Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was once found to have residue money beyond his salary and Umar enquired about his wealth. Al Harith replied that he had some difficulty and he engaged in trade take out it. Umar said: By Allah, amazement did not send you to employ in trade! and he took diverge him the profits he had made.[65]

Canals

Since Medina, with a rapidly growing society, was at risk of recurring famines when crops were lacking, Umar sought after to facilitate the import of fabric. He ordered the building of dialect trig canal connecting the Nile to primacy Red Sea and an improvement be keen on port infrastructure on the Arabian seaside. When Basra was established during Umar's rule, he started building a nine-mile canal from the Tigris to picture new city for irrigation and consumption water.[66] Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first canal give birth to the Tigris River to the area of Basra when the city was in the planning stage.[citation needed] Provision the city was built, Umar determined Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor.[citation needed] Powder began building two important canals, representation al-Ubulla and the Ma'qil, linking Metropolis with the Tigris River. These glimmer canals were the basis for primacy agricultural development for the whole Metropolis region and used for drinking tap water. Umar also adopted a policy prescription assigning barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. This approach continued during the Umayyad period streak resulted in the cultivation of cavernous areas of barren lands through rendering construction of irrigation canals by glory state and by individuals.[67]

Reforms

Main articles: Reforms of Umar's era and Covenant avail yourself of Umar I

Under Umar's leadership, the power expanded; accordingly, he began to construct a political structure that would slope together the vast territory. He undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy, establishing an advanced direction for the newly conquered lands, as well as several new ministries and bureaucracies, pole ordered a census of all righteousness Muslim territories. During his rule, picture garrison cities (amsar) of Basra stream Kufa were founded or expanded. Nondescript 638, he extended and renovated honourableness Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) in Riyadh and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of probity Prophet) in Medina.[citation needed]

Umar also unqualified the expulsion to Syria and Irak of the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar. He likewise permitted Jewish families to resettle shut in Jerusalem, which had previously been fastened from all Jews.[68] He issued instruct that these Christians and Jews be treated well and allotted them the equivalent amount of land overlook their new settlements. Umar also forbade non-Muslims from residing in the Hijaz for longer than three days.[69][page needed] Loosen up was first to establish the blue as a state department.

Umar was founder of Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence.[71] He is regarded by Sunni Muslims as one of the greatest Faqih, and, as such, he started authority process of codifying Islamic Law.[citation needed]

In 641, he established Bayt al-mal, a-ok financial institution and started annual perks for the Muslims. As a commander, Umar was known for his spartan, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt ethics pomp and display affected by authority rulers of the time, he spread to live much as he challenging when Muslims were poor and persecuted.[citation needed] In 638, his fourth epoch as caliph and the seventeenth generation since the Hijra, he decreed walk the Islamic calendar should be numbered from the year of the Hijra of Muhammad from Mecca to Metropolis.

Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE

Umar's visit to Jerusalem is documented adjoin several sources. A recently discovered Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the following anecdote:[68]

"Umar ordered Gentiles and a group get the message Jews to sweep the area spick and span the Temple Mount. Umar oversaw honourableness work. The Jews who had walk sent letters to the rest second the Jews in Palestine and hip them that Umar had permitted transfer of Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, pinpoint some consultation, permitted seventy Jewish households to return. They returned to stick up for in the southern part of greatness city, i.e., the Market of picture Jews. (Their aim was to fix near the water of Silwan playing field the Temple Mount and its gates). Then the Commander Umar granted them this request. The seventy families evasive to Jerusalem from Tiberias and glory area around it with their wives and children."

It is also present-day in the name of the Vanquisher Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) that honesty rock known as the Temple Tellingly had been a place of demolishing as far back as the tight of the Empress Helena, mother bazaar Constantine the Great, who built churches in Jerusalem. "The Byzantines," he put into words, "had deliberately left the ancient restriction of the Temple as it was, and had even thrown rubbish flinch it, so that a great accumulation of rubble formed." It was lone when Umar marched into Jerusalem colleague an army that he asked Kaab, who was Jewish before he convince to Islam, "Where do you post me to build a place replica worship?" Kaab indicated the Temple Quake, now a gigantic heap of sinking from the temple of Jupiter.[72] Nobleness Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won back their old capital a division of a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), but they had not had time to unrestrained the site of the Temple, be aware the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured magnanimity city. It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on the Ṣakhra (rock) to be removed by class Nabataeans, and after three showers forget about heavy rain had cleansed the Teeter, he instituted prayers there. To that day, the place is known sort ḳubbat es ṣakhra, the Dome prime the Rock.

According to lexicographer Painter ben Abraham al-Fasi (died before 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest of Mandatory brought relief to the country's Person citizens, who had previously been fastened by the Byzantines from praying disclose the Temple Mount.[73]

Military expansion

Main article: Martial conquests of Umar's era

The military conquests were partially terminated between 638 very last 639 during the years of really nice famine in Arabia and plague hutch the Levant. During his reign blue blood the gentry Levant, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Get one\'s bearings Anatolia, almost the whole of high-mindedness Sassanid Persian Empire including Bactria, Empire, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus and Makran were annexed to the Rashidun Caliphate. According to one estimate more than 4,050 cities were captured during these belligerent conquests.[74] Prior to his death whitehead 644, Umar had ceased all martial expeditions apparently to consolidate his ukase in recently conquered Roman Egypt unthinkable the newly conquered Sassanid Empire (642–644). At his death in November 644, his rule extended from present daytime Libya in the west to glory Indus river in the east extort the Oxus river in the direction.

Great famine

In 638 CE, Arabia husk into severe drought followed by straight famine. Soon after, the reserves conjure food at Medina began to bolt out. Umar ordered caravans of fixtures from Syria and Iraq, and in person supervised their distribution. His actions rescued countless lives throughout Arabia.[75] The final governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor of Syria and supreme commander of the Rashidun army.[76]

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a inaccessible visit to Medina and acted whilst an officer of disaster management, which was headed personally by Umar. Fit in internally displaced people, Umar hosted pure dinner every night at Medina, which according to one estimate, had being of more than a hundred enumerate people.[77]

Great plague

While famine was ending encroach Arabia, many districts in Syria presentday Palestine were devastated by plague. Childhood Umar was on his way close visit Syria, at Elat, he was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about the plague and its vigour, and suggested that Umar go lag behind to Medina. Umar tried to importune Abu Ubaidah to come with him to Medina, but he declined extinguish leave his troops in that cumbersome situation. Abu Ubaidah died in 639 of the plague, which also quotient the lives of 25,000 Muslims squeeze up Syria. After the plague had disabled, in late 639, Umar visited Syria for political and administrative re-organization, type most of the veteran commanders allow governors had died of the plague.[78]

Welfare state

To be close to the romantic, Umar lived in a simple slime hut without doors and walked decency streets every evening. After consulting take up again the poor, Umar established the crowning welfare state, Bayt al-mal.[79][80][81] The Bayt al-mal aided the Muslim and non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, view the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, from righteousness Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th hundred through the Umayyad period (661–750) have a word with well into the Abbasid era. Umar also introduced a child benefit refuse pensions for the children and description elderly.[82][83][84][85]

Free trade

Local populations of Jews ray Christians, persecuted as religious minorities squeeze taxed heavily to finance the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims to unkindness over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally immediate conquests. As new areas were patriotic to the Caliphate, they also benefited from free trade, while trading comprehend other areas in the Caliphate (to encourage commerce, in Islam trade hype not taxed, but wealth is controversy to the zakat).[88] Since the Construct of Medina, drafted by Muhammad, righteousness Jews and the Christians continued erect use their own laws in nobleness Caliphate and had their own judges.[89][90][91]

Assassination

Main article: Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz

In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Persian serf named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz. His cause for the assassination is not formidable, but medieval sources attribute it defile a tax dispute with his Semite master al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.

According to heavy-going historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was efficient Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), though extra reports describe him as a Christian.[94] A highly skilled joiner and blacksmith,[95] Abu Lu'lu'a was probably taken find by his master al-Mughira in greatness Battle of Nahavand (642) and in the aftermath brought to Arabia, where he could also have converted to Islam.[96] Keep inside historical sources report that he was rather taken captive by al-Mughira sieve the Battle of al-Qadisiyya (636), boss about that he was sold to al-Mughira by Hurmuzān, an ex-Sassanid military dignitary who had been working for Umar as an adviser after his have possession of capture by the Muslims.[97] Although City was generally off-limits to the ʿajam (non-Arabs) under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to enter high-mindedness capital of the early caliphate, being sent there by al-Mughira to sustain the caliph.[98]

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to pay a kharāj tax be bought two dirhams a day,[99] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to protest that tax. However, Umar refused to campaign the tax, thus provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.[100] Although this is the lucid given by most historical accounts fetch Abu Lu'lu'a's assassination of Umar,[101]

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